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LINDSAY'S 
SIMPLIFIED SHORTHAND 



A SYSTEM WITHOUT SHADING 

in which the Vowels are expressed by the 

Inclination of the Stems to a Real or an 

Imaginary Horizontal Line 



By 

AMELIA H. LINDSAY, 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 



PITTSBURGH, PA. 

COLONIAL PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING COMPANY 

I904 






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LIBRARY of C0N6RESS 
Two Oooies Reef iveo 

AUG 29 1904 
Oooyrteht Entry 

cQ q- c. y. 'foZ 

CLA8S ^- XX©. No. 
COPY B 



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Copyright, 1903 



Amelia H. Lindsay 



ENTERED, ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS IN THE YEAR 1904, 

By AMELIA H. LINDSAY, 

IN THE OFFICE OF LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS AT "WASHINGTON, D. C. 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



PREFACE 

A change of conditions in the business world, the increase in the volume of business 
transacted, and the consequent increase in clerical work, call for improved methods of disposing 
of commercial correspondence; and the old systems of shorthand, though adequate for the age 
in which they were invented, do not keep pace with these increasing demands. They embody 
principles that look well in print, but which are both difficult and awkward to apply in actual 
practice. 

One of the chief of these objections is shading. Imagine a busy work-driven book-keeper 
taking the time in his daily work to shade every other stroke of his writing; to shade at the 
beginning of strokes and at the end of strokes; to shade horizontally; and we have a picture of 
the difficulties in the path of the stenographer using a shaded system. 

The old systems also embody principles that are hard to understand; a proof of which fact 
is the large number of shorthand students who never make any practical use of their shorthand, 
and drift into other lines of work. 

Having these shortcomings in view, Simplified Shorthand has been produced with the 
intention of giving the public a system of shorthand that will embody simplicity in principles, 
ease in writing and legibility in reading. As it is not the professional man or the scholar that 
studies shorthand, only those principles have been used that can be easily comprehended by the 
young man or young woman of limited education who desires to advance himself or herself in 
the business world; and as there is no shading of any kind, it mav be written with facility with 
either pen or pencil, a fact that is of vast importance. Although it is not claimed for 
Simplified Shorthand that there are no word signs, as no set of principles can be combined in 
any one system of phonography by which every word in the English language can be easily and 
rapidly written without abbreviation or contraction, the claims for other systems notwithstanding, 
yet it is claimed that it contains fewer abbreviations and word signs than any other system in 
existence. 



Therefore, with ordinary intelligence and a reasonable amount of study and application, 
there can be no excuse for anyone not easily mastering Simplified Shorthand, and attaining an 
ordinary rate of speed and an ability to read without difficulty that which has been written; for 
although the system is still in its infancy, and has therefore not yet reached the zenith of its 
excellence, ye: the principles herein given are so simple, logical and few in number that there is 
no limit to their possibilities. 

But in order to reach the desired goal, the study should be given the same enthusiasm, and 
undivided attention, and thoroughness that the small boy exhibits in learning the art of playing 
base ball. Be thorough ! Remember, that if each rule is not thoroughly digested before 
proceeding to the next, a bad case of shorthand indigestion will soon develop; but if, on the 
other hand, the errors of haste, carelessness, and indifference are avoided, the result will be 
found eminently satisfactory and worthy of the effort. 

And now, having full confidence in the principles of Simplified Shorthand, I give it to 
the public with the hope that it will be thoroughly investigated before a decision is reached as 
to the relative merits of it and other systems. 

Respectfully, 

Amelia H. Lindsay. 



Simplified Shorthand 



CHAPTER I. 



As phonetic writing, or shorthand, is the recording of the sounds of the human voice in a 
manner brief enough to allow of their being recorded while uttered, these sounds are the 
foundations upon which Simplified Shorthand is built. The sounds of the human voice are 
divided into three classes, called vowels, diphthongs, and consonants. 

The vowels are twelve in number, and are divided into two classes, called long and short 
vowels, each of these classes being sub-divided into groups or clusters, called first cluster and 
second cluster, as follows: 



Long Vowels. 
E as in ear ^ 
A as in air [ i st Cluster 
A as in are J 



AW as in law j 
6 as in low 
0~0 & U as in 

coo and cue 



l2d Cluster 



Short Vowels. 

( 1 as in nick 

i st Cluster -j E as in neck 

I AH as in nack 

fO as in lock 

2d Cluster -{ U as in luck 

I OO as in look 



The Diphthongs are three in number, as follows: 

I as in isle 
OI as in oil 
OU as in owl 



These vowels and diphthongs are expressed by the inclination of lines called stems; and 
the position these stems occupy as they vary from a horizontal line are called vowel and dipth- 
thongal positions. 



6 Manner of Writing Stems 



On another page will be found a list of the vowel, diphthongal, and consonant stems, 
written in the vowel and diphthongal positions. These stems are written down in all of the 
positions except the first two vowel positions of the second cluster, viz., AW and O, which are 
written up, and the first diphthongal position, which is written horizontally from left to right. 
A stroke should never be made from right to left unless unavoidable, as it will be readily seen 
that to do so requires the hand to be moved first from left to right to get into position, then 
from right to left to make the stroke, requiring two motions to attain one object. Great care 
should be exercised in practicing these stems to get the proper length and slant, as to vary 
either would be to change the consonant or the vowel. In regard to the length, it should be 
remembered that the difference in length between each stem and the nearest to it in size is one- 
third of the vowel stem, the length of the vowel stem being the standard by which all other 
stems are gauged. 

It will be noticed regarding curved stems that each consonant differs from its opposite 
consonant only in the manner of curving the stem; viz., whereas one consonant is always 
written with the convex side up, both in the first and second vowel clusters, its opposite is 
always written with the concave side up. 

In writing the consonant stems D and T, and B and P, care should be exercised in the 
use of the little tick joined to the end of the stem to see that it is pointed to the proper side; for 
as D is the same length as T, and B the same as P, the only way to distinguish between them 
is by the use of the little tick aforesaid. If the tick is joined to the end of the stem, it indicates 
that the vowel expressed by the position of the stem follows the consonant, as in TEA; and if 
the tick is joined to the beginning of the stem, it indicates that the vowel precedes the consonant, 
as in EAT. As the shape of the curved stems is sufficient to distinguish between consonants, 
the tick is only used on such stems when the vowel precedes the consonant. The tick is not 
used on any stem when there is any other distinguishing mark that would answer the same 
purpose. 

Write each line of the stems in the following chart a second time, and pronounce the short 
sound of the vowel where the long sound is given. Practice thoroughly all the stems illustrated 
until the different lengths and slants have been appreciated, pronouncing the consonant stem and 
vowel position as the stroke is made. 



Chart of Stems 



CHART OF VOWEL, DIPHTHONGAL AND CONSONANT STEMS. 

First Cluster Second Cluster Diphthongs 

E A Ah Aw O Oo I Oi Ou 



De Day Dah Daw Doe Doo 



.\.i:-.2 



Te Tay Tah Taw Toe Too 



Die Doi D< 



Tie Toy Tou 



Be Bay Bah Baw Boe Boo Buy Boy Bow 



Pee Pay Pah Paw Poe Poo 



Pie 



Poi Pou 



Chart of Stems 



Che Chay Chah Chaw Joe Chew 

.^...^ \...^.^.....L. 



The Thev Thah Thaw Though Thoo 

X...^....^...l 



Me Mav Mah Maw Moe Moo 



Knee Nay Nah Knaw Know Knew 

_..v....L.._...Z..J. 



Key Kay Kah Caw Koe Coo 

*^ \..^Z.±. 



Ge Gay Gah Gaw Go Goo 



Chv Joy Chow 

( 

Thv Thoi Thou 

•-7 L 

Mv Moi Mow 

) 
)' 

Nigh Noi Now 

,._ L 

( 

Ky Coy Cow 

„ ) 
I 

Guy Goi Gow 



) 



Fee Fay Fah Faw Foe Few Fie Foy Fow 



Expressing the Vowel Before the Consonant 



Vee Vay~ Vah Vaw Voe View Vie 



Voy Vow 




After practicing the above stems many times, according to instruction, begin again at the D 
stem, and write all the stems in the chart, joining the short tick to the beginning of the stem, 
instead of the end, and pronounce the vowel before the consonant, thus : 



Eed Aid Add Awd Owed Ood Eyed Oid Oud 



\ 



/ 



If any difficulty is experienced in getting the tick on the proper side of the stem, in writing 
D and T and B and P, the following chart will be found useful and should be frequently 
referred to. < 



v« B 

0. ?\ 


P <S>y 


B °9 



p 
< 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

Day, Toe, Buy, Fee, Now, The, Nay, Knew, Bough, Knee, Pay, Oh, May, Go, View, 
Bee, Chaw, Tie, Poe, Boy, Mew, Thy, Me, Joy, Awe, Cow, Pie, I, Know, Do, Die, Toy, 
Nigh, Jew, Dough, To, Bay, Joe, They, Paw, Caw, Buy, Foe, Chew, Faw, My, Few, 
Key, Gay, Thaw, Vie, Though, Cue, Thou, Maw. 



10 



Miscellaneous Stems 



READING EXERCISE. 



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CHAPTER II. 
PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 

As there are certain consonants, double consonants and syllables that occur too frequently 
to be expressed by individual stems, a system of expedients, called Prefixes and Affixes, is used 
to express these frequently occurring sounds. These prefixes and affixes consist of circles, semi- 
circles and loops, placed at the beginning or ending of stems, as the case may be. In the 
following examples they are illustrated in connection with the T stem, written in the third 
vowel position, as it would be impossible to illustrate them independently. 











AFFIXES. 










s 

Tass 
1 


SS 
Tasses 

I 


M 
Tarn 

\ 


N L 
Tan Tahl 

\ \ 


LY 

Tally 

\ 


LER 

Tahler 

\ 


R 

Tar 

1 


RY 

Tarry 

1 


REL 

Tahrel 

1 


TION 

Tahtion 

1 


\ 

1. 


...! 


..! 


11 


...L 


...!. 


...I 


....in 


:„.l.. 


I 



SH ST STR NG NK MENT T D LD RD LT 

Tash Tast Taster Tang Tank Tament Taht Tahd Tahld Tahrd Tahlt 



\ 



RT LTS RTS LTSH 

Tahrt Tahlts Tahrts Tahltish 



RTSH LTST 

Tahrtish Tahltst 



.u U U u U 



RTST LMENT 

Tahrtst Tahlment 



LTMENT MD ND MTS NTS NTING MB MP 

Tahltment Tahmed Tahned Tahmts Tahnts Tahnting Tahmber Tahmper 



l*?. 



k k \> i, .t 1 



12 D and T Expressed by Halving the Stem 



PREFIXES. 

S M N L LER LE R REL RE Y STR SH 

Sat Ma: Nat Lat Lera: Letah Ra: Relat Retah Ya: Strat Shat 

ui: : ( L..I: [....[J i 

ST W H EX EH COM COM COX CON CONS CONS 
Stat Waht Hat Extah Exat Comtah Comat Contah Conat Constah Consat 

Li LI LI LI 

CONT DE DE DE DE 

Contaht Detah Desat Derat Dela: 

I. LI [ L 

Practice the above prefixes and affixes by writing each one of them on all the stems given 
in the chart in the first chapter, and write each line of the stems a second time, pronouncing 
the short sound of the vowel; on straight stems, be careful to get them on the side of the stem 
to which the consonant belongs; on curved stems, put them only on the inside of the stem. 

D AND T EXPRESSED BY HALVING THE STEM. 

D and T are sometimes expressed in the Vowel Stem and the M and N Stems by writing 
the stems one-half the length; in which case the D or T occurs before any affix at the end of 
that stem.. For example, if the vowel stem is written in the first vowel position, and an S 
circle added at the the end, we have the word EES (ease); if the same word is written one- 
half as long, we have the word EE-T-S, EETS (eats). Practice the following words: 

It Ate At Ought Oat Hoot Eats Hates Hats Lots Loads Shoots 

.-^..\..L..-rr.../...7 ^?....^ \...**.J. I 

Matter Notes Render Motor Needle Sender Might Not Needs Maids 

X.J S^.....C >A <o....<7>..^....>>* X.. 



Vowel Stem Exercise 



13 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES ON THE VOWEL AND 
DIPHTHONGAL STEMS. 

In practicing the following vowel exercises, the length of the stem should be impressed on 
the memory, as it is the unit of size, the difference in length between all stems being one-third 
of the vowel stem. 

Ease, See, As, Saw, Owes, Has, Sigh, Say, Oats, Ice, Its, Hats, Hoots, Seat, Ear, Sad, 
Sough, Eyes, Whose, Sew, Suit, Our, Sued, Ray, Seer, Sight, Lee, Lice, Oil, Rude, Redden, 
Riddle, Sizzle, Soiling, Singing, Sully, Silliest, Awls, Hurry, Hurrying, Longing, Hush, List- 
ing, Healing, She, Shed, Sheds, Shilling, Shred, Shoal, Stale, Store, Siller, Strew, Strangle, 
Hard, Reared, Showered, Stored, Said, Sore, Air, Sod, Sowed, Raw, Raise, Sinking, Serials, 
Session, Halls, East, Ink, Links, Russian, Rash, Rest, Ration, Rice, Lies, Owl, Route, Reads, 
Wrestle, Young, Sits, Sink, Hisses, Shay, Shade, Shots, Shelling, Shroud, Easier, Stale, Stir. 



.V.^Z.l.^ 



A. 



.w. 



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O»o, 



.^.S.«*!S*.1.:tt* ^..^?. 



Released, Yard, Stray, String, Hurt, Roared, Shield, Yearn, Are, Row, Sewer, Rose, 
Roll, Rust, Roster, Ring, Leer, Reed, Ringing, Lay, Rink, Wrinkle, Law, Write, Roads, 
Sights, Sank, Saddle, Sorrel, Year, Deceit, Holes, Oils, Hoist, Angle, Lungs, Rush, Horse, 
Hauling, Shah, Shad, Shoots, Shank, Shrill, Yours, Easel, Stole, Steed, Stringing, Heard, 
Lulled, Stirred, Straw, Reel, Raised, Sire, Rye, Oar, Rail, Rush, Rank, Wrangle, Low, 



14 



Vowel Stem Exercise 



r "u 



Layer, Lie, Red, Right, Rustle, Sitting, Sung, Sadder, Seller, Usual, Decide, Waste, Howls, 
Oyster, Inking, Hunger, Use, Lash, Hires, Illy, Shaw, Shod, Rouse, Roast, Would, Rule, 
Shearing, Shutter, Sure, Stay, Stool, Stead, Wrinkling, Wrong, Healed, Hired, Leered, 
Steered, Wire, Stewart, Roost, Ruse, Used, Rise, Ring, Rung, Lease, Lower, Raid, Written, 
Reader, Were, Seeding, Soaring, Sing, Sorry, Cellar. 



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Decease, Heal, Linger, Usury, Easter, Least, Hears, Alley, Show, Showed, Wrongs* 
Riley, Sour, Lace, We, Liar, Rod, Shale, Stew, Style, Year, Stood, Oily, Shy, Shied* 
Shading, Shooter, Sunk, Silly, While, Soiler, Decision. Hail, Hear, War, Sty, Stear, Shall* 
Sting, String, Held, Laird, Sheered, Stared, Stilled, Eel, Shall, Lass, Ale, Road, Writing, Rat* 
Loss, Loose, All, Rot, Hole, Rut, Reading, Earing, Linking, Ash, List, Ire, Hash, Sheer, 
Wear, Shower, Shawl, Sheets, Rudder, Sodding, Sailing, Sang, Writer, Siding, Song, Stead, 
Stare, Sung, Sally, Serious, Wheeling, Else, Hair, Strew, Strong, Strung, Shared, Lard, 
Hailed, Ails, Harry, Solely, Start, Stalled. 



Double Consonant Prefixes 



15 



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DOUBLE CONSONANT PREFIXES. 

The double consonants DR, TR, BR, PR, KR, GR, and FR, and the triple consonant 
THR, are expressed by writing the R semi-circle at the top of the stem thus: 



Dree Tree Bree Pree Three Kree Gree Vree 



Practice the preceding and following double consonant prefixes by writing each one of the 
stems in all of the vowel positions, pronouncing both the long and the short sound of the vowel. 



J6 



Double Consonant Prefixes 



The double consonants BL, PL, GL, KL, and FL are expressed by writing the L semi- 
circle at the top of the stem, thus: * 

Blee Plee Glee Klee Flee 



The double consonants DW, TW, and KW are expressed by writing the W tick across the 
end of the stem, thus: 

Dwell Twill Twin Twit Quill Queen Quay Quit Quite Queer Quin 



r ...A 



r>. 



.^ 



The above rule applies only to words in which W is used as a double consonant. When 
W begins a word or a syllable as a single consonant, the tick is written across the beginning of 
the stem; and when so written, it indicates that the word begins with W and that the vowel 
precedes the consonant stem; for example: 

Wake Weed Wed Wait Wide Week Walk Win Weep Swap Swipe Swede 



^ 



\ 



-% 



The double consonants SP, SK, SN, and SM are expressed by simply writing the S circle 
at the beginning of the stem, thus: 

Speed Spat Scat Scot Snow Snide Smeer Smut Spot Scar Sneeze 

°\ 
. .9^. . . . .°^> . /C .VTT77T7. . . J . < S^>. . . . 



The above differs from the manner of expressing the S circle at the beginning of the stem, 



thus: 



Seep Sapped Sack Sock Sown Signed Simmer Summed Sopped Sacker 



V .:..} 



1 



Ch and Th Stem Exercise 17 



REAPING AND WRITING EXERCISES ON THE CH AND TH STEMS. 

The double consonant CH requires special comment. It should be remembered that the 
stem representing the double consonant CH is not only used to express words beginning or 
ending with CH, but also words beginning and ending with J and the soft sound of G, as in 
JUST, GIN, SIEGE, EDGE, etc., both of which sounds are very closely allied with CH. 

Chaw, Jade, They, Though, This, Chore, Jim, Each, Seethe, Wrath, Thrust, Stitch, 
Rather, Litchen, Chinking, Chilling, Cheeses, Jamble, Jimmy, Huge, Thames, Thinner, 
Thermal, Chastise, Other, Jingle, June, Jaw, Chat, Thaw, Chess, Itch, Soothe, Three, Liege, 
Threw, Stage, Ledger, Reaching, Chunk, Jailing, Chases, Nitch, Chimney, Chiming, Chance, 
Thence, Starch, Large, Charm, Justice, Author, China, January, Joe, Chawed, Though, Chase, 
Thaws, Their, Jam, Age, Reach, Throw, Latch, Through, Stretch, Leather, Raging, John, 
Jester, Chamber, Notch, Chinning, Chains, Thongs, Journey, Churn, Jaundice, Authorize, 
Thrust, July, Chew, Chaws. 

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./. ^...^..C7>,..^...XA.^....t^.^A.^ 




Ch and Th at the End of Syllables 



• The double consonants CH and TH very frequently follow vowels in syllables expressed 
by other stems; in which case, the CH and TH stems are used to express the double consonant 
sound only, independent of a vowel, and should be written in whichever vowel position is the 
most convenient tc join to the preceding stem; for example: 
Pitcher Butcher Touch Batch Catcher Cudgel Kitchen Pinch Bunch 




READING AND WRITING EXERCISES ON THE M AND N STEMS. 

It should be remembered regarding the consonants M and N that they can very frequently 
be more conveniently expressed by using the M and N circles on some other stem. 

Me, Knew, Noosed, Mess, Mar, Meal, Knell, Moan, Meant, Hum, Rome, Round, 
Mit, Knot, Seen, Snail, Steam, Strum, Shun, Mister, Moony, Slum, None, May, Now, 
Knees, Mars, More, Male, Knoll, Moon, Manned, Whom, Room, Mead, Met, Not, Sane, 
Snow, Stem, Strain, Shine, Master, Manner, Name, Maw, Nigh, Knaws, Moss, Moor, 
Mawl, Newel, Mine, Mined, Hen, Ryme, Made, Mat, Mit, Sun, Snide, Stammer, Strand, 
Mission, Minister, Miner, Slime, Number, My, Mist, Nose, Muss, Mire, Mole, Nile, Nan, 
Mesh, In, Wren, Mad, Matter, Neat, Seem, Same, Sign, Sneer, Stand, Simmer, Nation, 
Mines, Mumble, Run. 




M and N Stem Exercise 



19 



Remain, Slender. Monster, Member, Renown, Remember, Merest, Nay, 
Mussed, "Nice, Mice, Nor, Mile, Men, Noon, Aim, Hound, Run, Mood, Net, Sam, 
Sound, Snore, Stun, Sham, National, Many, Slime, Slant, Mailed, Know, Nest, Miss, Mare, 
Nigher, Nail, Mint, Ham, Ram, Rhine, Know, Moist, Noise, Mere, Newer, Kneel, Main, 
Noun, Him, Ream, Rhoan, Might, Knat, Knight, Sum, Sneeze, Smite, Stream, Shin, Notion, 
Money, Slam, March, Note, Shone, Merit, Mink, Mangle, When, One, Wine, Women, Woman, 
Win, Render, Enter, Matter, Material, Under, Science, Nights, Sums, Summits, Saner, 
Sender, Sending. 

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CHAPTER III. 
SYLLABIC PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 

For the purpose of shortening words, an expedient is used called syllabic prefixes and 
affixes. These express the initial and final syllables of words. The consonants used are D and 
T, B and P, Kay and Gay, and F and V. 

These prefixes and affixes are written in the same vowel position and with the same strokes 
as the ordinary consonant stems, being distinguished from the latter by their scale of size and 
their positions above, below, and across the line of writing, or above, below, and across the end 
of a preceding stem. B and P are expressed by straight strokes, the same length as the -vowel 
stem; and D and T are written with straight strokes one third shorter. F and V are expressed 
by curved strokes, the same length as B and P, and Kay and Gay are written with the same 
strokes, one-third shorter. As in the case of the Consonant Stems, B and D are distinguished 
from P and T by putting the sub-prefixes and affixes (circles, semi-circles, and loops) on the 
left side to express B and D, and on the right to express P and T; and in the absence of any 
prefix or affix, a short tick is joined at right angles, putting it on the left for B and D, and on 
the right for P and T. 

SYLLABIC PREFIXES. 

The syllabic prefixes, as their name implies, are used to express the initial syllables of words. 
When they are written above the line, they combine with L to form double consonants, as in 
FLUSTER, PLUNGER, etc. ; when they are written below the line, they combine with R 
to form double consonants, as in BROTHER, CREATURE, etc. ; and when they are written 
across the line, they express the single consonants, as in BISMUTH, FESTER, etc. When 
there is only one syllabic prefix in a word, it may be joined to the following stem, being dis- 
tinguished from the ordinary consonant stems by its position with reference to the line, as above 
described; but when there are two, they must be disjoined, and if the second is a single conso- 
nant, it must be written across the end of the preceding one. 

The following illustrations give all the syllabic prefixes written in the first vowel position. 
Practice these stems in the same manner as the consonant stems were practiced in the first 
chapter; that is, write each one of the stems in all the vowel positions in the rotation they are 
given. But before doing so, two peculiarities of syllabic stems should be noticed, as follows: 

ist. As the diphthongs OI and OU have peculiar positions with regard to the line, they 
are never expressed in the syllabic prefixes or affixes. When it is desired to express these 
diphthongs in connection with L and R in the double consonants, the L and R semi-circles are 
used, as explained in Chapter I. 



Syllabic Prefixes 



21 



2nd. The consonant V does not combine with L and R to form double consonants, except 
as it is written arbitrarily so, as in the words VARIETY and VOLITION, which are written 
VRIETY, and VLITION; therefore, in nearly all syllables expressed by the V prefix or affix, 
the L or R follows the vowel. 

Keeping the preceding two facts in mind, the following stems should now be practiced in 
the manner described: 



Blee 



Plee 



Klee 



Glee 



Flee 



Veel 



Dree 



Tree 



Bree 



Pree 



Kree 



Gree 



Free 



Veer 



Dee 



Tee 



Bee 



Pee 



Kee 



Gee 



Fee 



Vee 



*v^.....^ 



When the study of the syllabic stems is taken up, it seems impossible at first glance to dis- 
tinguish them from the ordinary consonant stems; but by carefully studying and practicing the 
foregoing and following rules and exercises, this difficulty will be easily overcome. 

Therefore, before proceeding to the practical exercises, carefully examine the following words : 

Creature Gloomv Funnv Clannish Brother 




In the first word, (CREATURE) the first stem is recognized as a syllabic stem by its 
position below the line, its shape and size indicating the syllabic consonant stem KAY. But as 
the second stem is joined to the end of the first stem, it is recognized as a consonant stem, 
irrespective of its position below the line, for the reason that if it were a syllabic stem it would 
be disjoined and would be written above, below, or across the end of the preceding stem. 

It should also be noticed that syllabic stems are frequently written independently to express 
small words. 



22 



Syllabic Prefix D and T Exercise 



EXERCISES. 
D and T. 

Dreamy, Drama, Dimly, Timber, Tamper, Train, Dress, Trample, Tingle, Drunken, 
Trinket, Drum, Truce, Dews, Triangle, Trowel, Doyle, Trumpet, Train, Dress, Tension, 
Tracy, Down, Team, Tame, Damper, Redress, Retain, Tambourine, Trimmer, Trust, Drank, 
Drinking, True, Dross, Diamond, Torment, Trite, Tree, Drought, Toiler, Town, Dread, 
Trainer, Tramway, Trade, Dying, Driver, Truant, Tuition, Torpid, Return, Retrench, 
Redress, Rotation, Redeemer, Trophy, Trooper, Tremor, Tumor. 



r 



*t>\ 



r"L 



■J 



•\y 



X) 



J 



•yP~'<^ 






c 



^o- 



.^.._....^J.......t... x ....^... x ..... K .. 



d 







B. and P. 

Preach, Pale, Bold, Poured, Pared, Prants, Proselite, Banister, Barrister, Porous, Paris, 
Blank, Plot, Blood, Proud, Power, Broil, Brown, Barren, Barn, Born, Prune, Pure, Brewery, 
Bureau, Boost, Best, Passed, Pulse, Pause, Pose, Saps, Sob, Boss, Spat, Supped, Speed, Sipped, 
Boast, Boiler, Pillar, Pillows, Billow, Boil, Parallel, Banish, Punish, Banishment, Punishment, 
Barrel, Barrels, Pearl, Berrie, Spray, Spruce, Berries, Boor, Parrie, Blossom, Boorism, Reply, 
Replete, Replenish, Replace, Preposterous, Preponderate, Blunder, Plaster, Bluster, Bullet, 
Pullet, Plight, Polite, Polish, Bullish, Weep, Wobble, Wept, Weapon, Wipe, Whip, Swap, 
Swipe, Swept, Swapped, Purse, Potion, Pension, Pillage, Bliss, Blest, Wrap, Mob, Mope, 
Brother, Plunger, Reap 7 Rap, Robin, Ribbon, Ruben, Roup, Pole, Lobster, Slipper, Slab, 
Lapel, Laborious, Labors, Leper, Ship, Shipment, Shape, Shop, Sheba, Stop, Stab, Stoop, 
Surprise, Surplus, Experience, Expose, Expand, Exploit, Partly, Portly, Portal, Batter, Porter, 
Border. 



Syllabic Prefix B and P Exercise 



23 




^./ ^ ..j...j....^ 



i 



I 



\-A^-A 




Yi±f-yJ 



^ \ / 



H 



..rtTTTTzr. 






X 








24 Syllabic Prefix Kay and Gay Exercise 

KAY AND GAY. 

Cry, Grow, Grew, Ground, Grind, Groin, Cluster, Cargo, Mock, Michael, Curious, 
Curiosity, Acorn, Akron, Candy, Canny, Creature, Gloomy, Clime, Growth, Chester, Jack, 
Jug, Choke, Joke, Catch, Crotch, Crutch, Clutch, Cringe, Gorilla, Chagrin, Regret, Recruit, 
Cure, Core, Call, Gallon, Grand, Succor, Sacked, Scat, Soaked, Greed, Skinned, Sickened, 
Six, Skies, Excuse, Exactly, Actual, Equal, Squal, Equator, Squalid, Squire, Square, Awkward, 
Clannish, Exquisite, Quit, Weeks, Quay, Wakes, Queer, Weaker, Quantity, Quality, Sugar, 
Shaker, Stock, Stockholder, Stake, Execute, Executor. 

I 
.._... ^. T ..to.... ^....^ ^... 

^... K ^....^..^....^..... (r ^...^.....\ ^....s^...^,.. 

..t^...^....^....^.....^ ^....-.^..-^...vY 

F and V. 

Fast, Fuse, Fuss, Veal, Void, Vowel, Fowl, Freeze, Frenzy, Franchise, Frowned, Fume, 
Fumigate, Furniture, Furnish, Furious, Frozen, France, Valley, Value, Vere, Vale, Vile, Fill, 
Foal, Living, Ravel, Rough, Roof, Move, Muff, Rife, Life, Live, Fiery, Four, Fane, Staff, 
Stove, Stuff, Stifle, Shovel, Sheriff, Surface, Servile, Shiver, Shafer, Fashion, Faster, Vision, 
Fish, Feat, Form, Firm, Farm, Famish, Funny, Famine, Fame, Safe, Sift, Soft, Saved, Survive, 
Snrvev, Vn r 'e*v, Volition, Frid?v. 



R added to St Loop by Position 



25 




R Added to the ST Loop by Position. 

When a syllabic stem in the R position begins with the ST loop, the R indicated by the 
position is added to the ST instead of the stem. Words expressed in this manner begin with 
STR, and express the vowel before the consonant. It should be remembered, however, that 
this applies only to syllables. In the ordinary stems, words beginning with STR are expressed 
by using a combination of the ST loop and R semi-circle, as explained and illustrated in the 
first chapter. 

EXERCISE. 

Strife, Strip, Struck, Stream, Strive, Strap, Strong, Strew, Stroke, Strop, Stroll, Stray, 
Street, Stride, Strain, Strum, Strongly, Strike, Stratum, Striven, Stretch, Striker, Stricken, 
Streamer, Straight, Struggle, District, Distribute, Distract, Destroy, Stragler, Destruction, 
Instrument. 



«3„ 



%jr<~* I <* <^s 



jT'f'l"^"T" 



26 The Initial Syllables Im, In, Etc. 



THE INITIAL SYLLABLES EM, IM, OR AM, AND EN, IN, OR AN. 

It will be noticed in the chart of prefixes in the second chapter that when the M and N 
circles are used as a prefix to express M and N as single consonants, as in the words MAP, 
MOBS, etc., they are so indicated by beginning the circle with a short horizontal tick on the 
opposite side of the stem; this is because the vowel expressed by the position of the stem pre- 
cedes the consonant expressed by the length of the stem; for example; 



Map Mobs 



•^--•^r^- 



In order to thoroughly understand the above, let us analyze the word MAP. The word 
is expressed by writing the P stem in the AH position, and beginning with the M circle; but 
as the vowel AH comes before the consonant stem P, the M circle is begun with the short tick 
that is usually joined at right angles to the beginning of stems to indicate that the vowel precedes 
the consonant. 

But if the tick is omitted, it is an indication that the vowel occurs in its regular order after 
the consonant stem, which in the case of the word MAP would make MPA — a perfectly mean- 
ingless expression. Therefore, in such cases the M and N circles express the syllables EM, 
IM, or AM, and EN, IN, or AN, etc. 



EXERCISE. 

Emblem, Improve, Enclose, Employ, Emigrant, Ingrate, Increase, Engraving, Influential, 
Implicate, Improper, Imprint, England, Embrace, Incline, Engross, Inflict, Infringe, Inflate, 
Inflame, Implicit, Impress, Andrew, Improvement, Emblematical, Introduce, Entrance, Image, 
Induce, Enquire, Amputate, Angry, Inhale, Invent, Imbue, Impend, Imagine, Embody, 
Entered, Ambition, Animal, Inhuman, Invention, Imburse, Imperfect, Ambush, Entice, Annul, 
Ambulance, Anticipate, Inquest, Invert, Reimburse, Imply, Impose, Endure, Annex, Inform, 
Inject, Invest, Re-enclose, Another, Emboss, Antique, Amicable, Enfold, Injure, Invite, 
Immense, Re-impress, Amber, Endow, Impel, Inebriate, Amply, Inhabit, Invoke, Remove 
Re-imprison, Annoy, Enamel, Antidote, Ammunition, Infinite, Injustice, Invoice, Imminent' 
Impossible, Engineer, Imprudent, Inhabit, Invoke, Remove, Impulse, Inter, Enjoy, Amplify, 
Inherit, Impart, Impeach, Re-enforce. 



The Initial Syllable Su, Etc. 



27 



% V 



<H 



Q^. 



rx 

<^6~ 



<Uo 



^ w 



xn 



'XT'? ^s-jw-^-.^.-^-o-s-^—V- 



^.....o^....^. 



^w^f.-..^-.^;/. <\** 







S^> t,-.s^-^- ; 



THE INITIAL SYLLABLES SU, SE, SI, ETC. 

The S circle at the beginning of a stem very frequently stands for the initial syllables SU, 
SE, SI, and the like. 

EXERCISE. 

Sufficient, Severe, Suppose, Subordinate, Sustain, System, Suspend, Support, Suspect, 
Suffuse, Secure, Cigar, Susceptible, Suspicion, Sustenance, Suspicious, Suspiciously. 



28 The Syllabic Single Consonant Vertical Stem 

...^...w..^..^....v--^---V^'-'^ 

,./?... ( ?...,R.....ft vs ....il «v *-»•■••«•»• 




THE SYLLABIC SINGLE CONSONANT VERTICAL STEM. 

Words of one syllable, or accented syllables, expressing one vowel, and using two syllabic 
stems, are indicated by writing the first stem in the proper vowel position and writing the second 
one in a vertical position; in which case the second one expresses merely a single consonant 
independent of a vowel, as PLL T — G (PLL"G). If the second stem should occur in the posi- 
tion of" the diphthongs OI and OU, it will be readily distinguished as a single consonant without 
a vowel, for the reason that stems expressing OI and OL" are not joined to syllables. 

In cases where the junction of the two stems would be awkward to make, the foregoing 
rule can be applied in the opposite manner; namely, by writing the first stem in the vertical 
position and using the second stem to express the vowel; and when so written, the first stem 
expresses the consonant independent of a vowel, and the second expresses the vowel before the 
consonant; as F — IB 'FIB). 

A consonant or vowel stem is never joined to the end of the vertical stem; but the vertical 
stem may be joined to the end of any stem. 



EXERCISE. 

Trip, Bribe, Bluff, Plug, Break, Brook, Broken, Cake, Look, Pipe, Take, Taken, Bake, 
Beg, Above, Puff, Port, Patch, Tag, Tug, Dig, Dog, Fig, Fog, Keg, Bark, Coke, Grog, 
Pepper, Payable, Before, Believe, Retrieve, Day, Pig, Rug, Beg, Bag, Bog, Bob, Bigger, Give, 
Given, Glove, Flip, Flop, Flap, Flag, Flog, Pick, Picker, Back, Pack, Packer, Basket, Pope, 
Bike, Bake, Baker, Pop, Pup, Deep, Dope, Dobson, Talk, Talker, Taker, Cough, Cuff, Cog, 
Sift, Gave, Gravel, Prop, Fib, Beaver, Peevish, Beef, Baffle, Bubble, Double, Trouble, 
Triple, Trespass, Crocodile, Cricket, Crook, Clog, Trick, Track, Truck, Trigger, Extract 
Direct, Driven, Droop, Drooping, Through, Bashful, Group, Grab, Grub, Grip, Crop, 
Grasp, Clasp, Expert, Quick, Quickly. 



The Indefinite Vowel 



29 






UY"> 



•f- 



t .,^ 



/i 






^••M-~T 




4..^. 



M 1 J >x 



^...^ 




) .p.^.. t ...i ± 1 



THE INDEFINITE VOWEL. 

Many words begin or end with what is called the indefinite vowel, such as appear, Russia, 
oppose, etc. In all such words the syllable that is accented is used to indicate the consonant 
stem and the vowel position; a short curved tick being placed at the beginning or ending of the 
stem at an acute angle to indicate that the word begins or ends with an indefinite vowel. 

EXERCISE. 

Adroit, Adroitly, Oppose, Effect, Affect, Event, Evince, Aversion, Afford, Affront, 
Affiliate, Effuse, Efface, Abide, Oblige, Apply, About, Appoint, Appointment, Abuse, 



30 



The Prefix D and T 



Abase, Abandon, Abundant, Accuse, Accrue, Occur, Occasion, Arrive, Appraise, Assist, Appease, 
Approve, Opinion, Appeal, Appearance, Affright, Eventually, Assume, Assurance, Approve, 
Russia, Ratio, City, Happy, Affair, Adore, Ability, Amend, Stubby, Stuffy, Hubbv, Austria. 




*-«* 



..*£.** 



/ 



r^....-^..^-^... 



■V 



1 



.<>7^. 



VV 



..?.. 



^ ■■</■■■/-,/■ 



THE PREFIX D AND T. 

The syllables DE, DI, TE, DES, DIS, and similar ones can be easily expressed by using 
the D and T tick as a prefix. When the tick is used as a prefix in connection with the S circle, 
it should be written on the same side of the stem as the circle, as writing it on the opposite side 
would conflict with the tick used to indicate the vowel preceding the consonant. A good way 
to indicate the syllables DES and DIS is to write the circle on the tick; notice the difference 
between the following two words: 

Dismiss Seems 

.to>....£7T>. 



The words beginning with the syllables DE, DES, DIS, etc., are so numerous that it 
would be impossible to give them ail within the limits of this volume; hence the following list 
contains only those in common use. But as the application of the rule is so nearly alike in all 
cases, if it should be necessary to write according to the above rule any word not given in the 
following list, it will be no difficult matter to do so. 



The Initial Syllable Ex 31 



EXERCISE. 

Disappear, Depart, Depend, Detour, Disband, Decide, Dispatch, Detroit, Display, Dis- 
position, Depose, Department, Dispute, Dismiss, Distance, Distribute, Diverse, Divide, Devoid, 
Devour, Defective, Defect, Design, Defence, Divine, Devious, Develop, Development, 
Demand, Demolish, Tenaciously, Tenacious, Degree, Disagreeable, Discover, Discount, Dis- 
grace, Disclaim, Decline, Distribution, Disturb, Dislike, Dismay, Dismal, Disappoint, Disap- 
pointment, Disperse. 



/O 



-.•s?-..A r......^v.. 



.7>y . . .^£> . . ./^,. - . .\~ 




THE INITIAL SYLLABLE EX. 

Exactly, Exaggerate, Exultation, Examination, Example, Excavate, Exceedingly, Excel, 
Excellent, Exchange, Excite, Exclamation, Exclude, Exclusive, Exculpate, Excursion, Excus- 
able, Execute, Executor, Execution, Exemplify, Exempt, Exercise, Exertion, Exhaust, Exhibit, 
Exhilarate, Exile, Exist, Exit, Expansive, Expatiate, Expect, Expectation, Expediency, 
Expenditure, Exoneration, Exorbitant, Expand, Expensive, Experience, Experiment, Expert, 
Expire, Explain, Explanatory, Explicit, Exploit, Exponent, Export, Exposition, Exposure, 
Expound, Expression, Expressive, Extend, Extensive, Extenuate, Exterminate, Extinct, 
Extinguish, Extort, Extra, Extract, Extraordinary, Extravagance, Extreme, Exult. 



32 



The Initial Syllables Com and Con 



*• 



l...e^v.L> ^....5* 5* 

■••'H; "£c.....% ^rs>.: ^...^....^a:.. 

" -a i t 



/ 



«^> 



r^.....^ 




•-^ ** 



*b ^■■■■■^■■^■■^■■■■^ 



./s*/*.../^ * 



f * 




% 



**-• ^-^ r ^-^-y--^ T - 






THE INITIAL SYLLABLES COM AND CON. 

Combine, Conclude, Comfortable, Concrete, Command, Commemorate, Concur, Con- 
fectionery, Confirmation, Common, Commensurate, Commence, Commercial, Commissary, 
Conference, Confession, Confidence, Confine, Conflict, Committee, Commodious, Common- 
place, Comparison, Compensate, Completely, Conform, Confound, Confront, Confusion, 
Congeal, Congratulate, Congregate, Compact, Companion, Commotion, Competent, Competi- 
tion, Competitor, Complain, Comply, Compound, Comprehend, Comprehensive, Compromise, 
Conjecture, Conjunction, Connection, Conquer, Constant, Consternation, Constitution, Con- 
strain, Construction, Compulsion, Compunction, Computation, Comrade, Complicate, Com- 
pliment. 



Modifying the Con Loop 



33 



^r^.f...^....^. 




MODIFYING THE CON LOOP TO EXPRESS COND, CONT, AND CONS. 

Condense, Conscious, Concede, Conciliate, Concentrate, Consolidate, Continue, Con- 
tradict, Condemn, Consider, Consist, Conceive, Concession, Conception, Concise, Conserva- 
tive, Contingence, Contrary, Condition, Consign, Contract, Continual, Controller, Conduct, 
Consent, Consignee, Contemplate, Continually, Contradiction, Condemnation. 



.*».....$£ L &**. 




34 



T and D Indicated before an Affix 




T AM) D mDICATED BEFORE AW AFFIX. 

When an affix is written directly on the end of a stem, instead of on one side of ike 
as they are usually written, it indicates the addition of D or T before the affix. In the case of 
curved stems, if the affix is a circle or loop, it should be written on the back or the stem; this 
is because a circle or loop written on the end of a curved stem gives the appearance of another 
stem curved in the opposite direction. 

EXERCISE. 

Better, Bidder, Fatter, Fatten, Cotton, Catalog, Chowder, Che ; 
Battle, Badly, Pattern, Patronage, Patronize, Veteran, Brittle, Brigh-.sn, Br 
Buddhist, Potter, Puddle, Beater.. Theodore, Chapter, Godly, G 

Fighter, Voter, Vital, Fi 
Kitten, Bitter, Baton, Daton 

;r, Blotter, Brutish, Briton. 



Syllabic Affixes 



35 




SYLLABIC AFFIXES. 

Syllabic affixes express the final syllables of words. They are disjoined from the preced- 
ing stem, being written above, below, and across it; and when so written, they are affected in 
the same manner as syllabic prefixes are when they are written above, below, or across the line 
of writing. 

When writing syllabic affixes, above or below the preceding stem, if the top of the affix is 
written above the end of the preceding stem, it is equivalent to the whole affix being written 
above; and when the top of the affix is written below end of the preceding stem, it is equivalent 
to the whole affix being written below. 

EXERCISE. 

Water-proof, Migrate, Negro, Nucleus, Chilblain, Telegram, Program, Diagram, Plebian, 
Color-blind, Propriety, Proprietor, Photograph, Telegraph, Instruct, Instruction, Obstruction, 
Prostrate, Problem, Sassafrass, Duplicate, Millvale, Multiply, Interpretation, McClure. 




:-3 



Vo 



W 



^.•Y^^-'--^r^ r - 




FINAL INSTRUCTIONS. 

As the ability to read shorthand readily depends upon the accuracy of the writing, before 
leaving the study of the principles it is well to note a few facts regarding the main factor in 
accurate shorthand writing; namely, the sizes of stems, circles, semi-circles, loops, etc. 

In the first place, as the consonants are the frame work of all words, it is very important to 
know without a peradventure just which consonant each stem is supposed to represent; and in 



36 Final Instructions 



order to preclude all doubt, it is well to make as great difference as possible between the sizes of 
the stems. Therefore, make the large size of each class of stems a little larger than standard, 
and make the small sizes a little smaller; in other words, exaggerate the size of the stems. By 
using the syllabics this can be readily done, as the system is then practically reduced to two sizes 
of stems, except in the positions of the diphthongs OI and OU, which fortunately are not fre- 
quently used. 

Although the size of the circles, semi-circles, and loops depends largely upon the size of the 
stems on which they are written, yet their proportion of size should be carefully preserved. 
For example: The circle N is made much smaller on a shortened vowel stem than on a tull 
length vowel stem, the difference in size of the shortened stem making it impossible to make the 
circle full size; yet, it should be borne in mind that even on a shortened stem the N circle is so 
much larger than the M circle, and the latter so much larger than the S circle, etc. 

It should be further noticed in regard to the sizes of stems and prefixes and affixes that in 
shorthand, as in longhand, there is an individuality in each person's writing that renders it well 
nigh impossible to establish a standare of size that will suit everyone. In longhand, for instance, 
whiie one person will write a very tall small letter "/," another person will write a very short 
one; yet at the same time the "L" must be made enough smaller than the small letter 'Y" to 
be distinguishable. While writing shorthand, therefore, although the standard of size mav differ 
according to the individuality of the writer, yet it is imperative that a uniformitv be observed 
throughout. 

Regarding the legibility of shorthand, we merely remark in passing that when longhand is 
carelesslv written it is just as unreadable as any shorthand that was ever written; an example of 
which is the famous handwriting of Horace Greely, which could only be read by his proof 
reader, and that only because of the proof reader's great familiarity with it. It is therefore 
absurd to expect from any system of writing a greater degree of legibility than that of longhand, 
or to even expect within the short space of five or six months to learn to read shorthand with 
the same facility that we read longhand which we have been studying, practicing and using for 
many years, and with which we are as familiar as with the words we speak. 



CHAPTER IV. 

WORD SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, PHRASES AND BUSINESS LETTERS. 

If the preceding chapters have been thoroughly mastered, no difficulty should be experi- 
enced with the exercises in this chapter, as they are merely a practical application of the 
principles that have already been learned, except as to the word signs and phrases. 

As regards the latter, it is an important branch of shorthand. It frequently occurs in 
oratory, and even in commercial dictation, that two or more small words are pronounced with one 
inflection of the voice and when writing these expressions, if any speed is to be attained, they 
should be blended in the same manner as they are pronounced. This is called phrasing. 

The lists of abbreviations and phrases in this chapter are necessarily brief because of the 
limited space; therefore, the manner of forming these should be carefully studied with a view to 
forming many more to suit the personal requirements of the writer. The abbreviations, for 
example, are made as a rule by simply omitting the final letters or syllables of words, as in the 
word FIND, which is written FI; in that way, many abbreviations may be adopted without 
injury to the legibility of the writing. 

But as to the word signs (the signs used to express words that would be awkward to write 
strictly according to principle, and occur frequently enough to admit of a departure from the 
rule) we would caution the writer about adopting any not contained in the list; for if the prin- 
ciples are not strictly adhered to, the writing will become a system of hieroglyphics, the legibility 
of which will be limited to the memorv of the writer. 



WORD SIGNS. 

And, A, To, Too or Two, On, We, When, One or Won, Way, Away, Await, Awaiting 
- I / > 



7 



Well Where What The With Is Was As Has In Into Then Than 

o >o 



V 



'—I •°-o- h °- 



O 



38 



Word Signs and Abbreviations 



Them Whom Have However Ever Every Over Hope Which Never Any 



I 



v. 



Next Operate Operation Object or Objection 



Obtain Opportunity If 



<**■■■■■** 



Office Official Between Advice or Advise 



Advocate Advantage Advantageous Suggest 

1 1 



Advance Advent Advertise 



■yi- 



Suggestion Without Almost 

..;.,, ( C. 






Although Until Under Interest Understand or Understanding Evervthing 

..U 1. 2. m ^ ^ 

Understood Seem Same Some Sometime Able Notwithstanding Within 



± 



;. 



•\ << 



wp. 



Question, etc. Often Learn Work Your You 



■^ y^ 



^~r\ 



^\ 



ABBREVIATIONS. 

For From Fact Think or Thing Thank or Thanking Pound Found Find 



'T I 



k 



Abbreviations 



39 



Time Hand Wou!d Must Most Kind or Kindlv Came Come Can Could 



A / 



VA-W 



Good Get Him Regre: Regard or Regarding During Attention Oblige 

fe ~' 



•} 



* J 



^V 



Impossible Above Approve Improve Improvement Believe Belong Purpose 



...^. ..../. 



p 



: t 



Nothing satisfactory, etc. Put Do or due May Manufacture, etc. Anxious 



^ 1 



Anxiety Account Amount Ago According or accordingly 



A.bout Appoint 




Cone.- Convenient or. convenience Commur. Communication 



1 



<N« 



•«f «l 



40 



Phrases 






N:':r NetertKdes Or Hereaner Fav 



.-demen Forgotten Accorr.r. c Concerning 



■■■■'■ U ^ ■-: '•■ 



*^i — 



PHRASES. 
And a To a When - one One we VI We are 






When will * rn are One And vere 



Ae; ' .t. hi > When was In the On the 

r- — ■& r 

b 

: ~ ! '-'" -- me Today T To it 

n . . . .t <t - < rrrv% ^77^ 5 - <^ 



j1»" To hand -nake 

^ \ ^ 



>n 



To saiFtbat To ftat I Hope 1 

1 - 









ry 



Phrases 41 



Hoping to Your favor I would They would That would We would It would 



77, 



k 



NOTE. — When writing the phrase signs contained in the first three lines of the above 
list, the affix is written on the left or lower side when it expresses a word of the first cluster, and 
on the upper or right side when it expresses a word of the second cluster. Examine WE 
WILL and WE ALL. 

It had He had I had We had Must have Must be In receipt Of your 

He will Will I am At once At hand I have We know We hope We do not 

.^...^ ; .^...<b J? _. t- ■/■ £•••• 

We wish We know We think We may We must We can We could We get 

-^ *t. w.....t\...tc: jj f. *, • 

We obtained Have we Do we Wish we Think we will May we Must we Can we 

-^ k--/ - ** .7X..Z...... V .. - 

Could we If we Know we will When we will We will have As we As when 

■/ - <*■ c * - r-' 

As have As we have As this As they As well as As soon as As early as 

.\ \ ^ 5» «, 2. *£.:. > 

As nearly as As many as As much as As no Has no Has it As it 

...^ .^ ?T.....A^....W.....\c:....P ! r " 



42 



Phrases 



As it is As it was As the Is the You have You be You of You will 

e p o 

...<?*> PTf. £ I <pv^...(^/ 



You are Your You were You will Have you Of you If you But you 



r~^ 



Q 



S^ 



.v......^.....^. 



Thanking you Have them Put them From them Will be Will have Will this 

Will hope Will it Will do Will our Do so Of us Those who Those that 



.../. rrr. 7 1 



v^--i **>••■ 



'For that From that Find that So that Know that Hope that Such that 



■/K- 






........./. ...•■*.*/,,.... y\ ,\- . ...... P. . ij, . „« 



That it That It is That it was That will That are or that our May our 

• • •*»£ ...... »^» • • -• ^<£>» •••• £» •••«•••••) A 

Have our Can our Be our To our In that In this In hope In it 



v, * 



.5 5^ 



.OT7 



In our In your In order In case In every In reply In regard In view 

Q 



1 



■<r> 



°> -Q- \ /•■■ 



Phrases 



43 



Of this To this So this Can this If this is May this Know this 



/S* 



x,..^ 



Must this We shall I shall He shall It shall Shall be Shall have 

< — — ZAf !»«.... .7^« X, Cf>~« 



V 



Shall we Shall I Shall he Shall it We should I should He should 
kL ** •• V* 



It should You should They should Should have Should it Should he 



r± 



S*. 



{. 



Should we Should I Should you Should be 



Had been Dear Sir Dear Sirs 

N. 



Yours truly 



Very truly 



Yours respectfully 

1 



Respectfully yours 



i 



FREQUENTLY RECURRING WORDS. 

In addition to the words which it is necessary to express by arbitrary word signs, and those 
that are abbreviated to gain speed in writing, there is still another class of words which, although 
not abbreviated or written contrary to principle to any extent, occur so frequently as to require 
special practice. 

The following is a list of some these frequently recurring words. 



4A 



Frequently Recurring Words 



EXERCISE. 
Vrinecessarily, Insif:. G:::en, Another, Finish, Square, Final or 
Finelr, Field, Ability, Build, Furnish, Occasion, Occur, Electric, Forward, 

Quality, Proportion. I :, Instant, Proximo, Contain, Contents, 

Powder, ? Beyond, Beg . Became, Become, Behind, Behalf, Before, 

Because, All, Remove, Verj .-, Materia], Matter, 

Ought, D :r or Defivery, Sound, S goods Sign, Reason, But, 

Boug id, Railway, Month, He, Here, 

older, Last, Least, Had, Assure, 
Assurance, Insui 

ant, Lumber, Part, E ain, Particular or Particularly, 

Produce, Product, Protest, Profit, Provide, 

Prudent, Prejudice, re, While, Wall, Angle, Again, Sharp, 

Foundation, Thorough, Thoroughly, Announce, Departrr -an, Pleasant, Present, 

Worth, Worthy, Enquiry, Rt , Both, Dinger-;- 



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Months, Days and Marks of Punctuation 



45 






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MONTHS, DAYS AND MARKS OF PUNCTUATION. 

January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, 
November, December, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, 
PERIOD, COLON, SEMI-COLON, COMMA, INTERROGATION. 

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Note — The word signs AND, A, and THE ? or phrase signs beginning with those words, 
may be phrased with other words by writing the sign close to and on a line with the beginning 
or ending of the stem with which it is being phrased, and writing it at the same angle as when 
written by itself. 



46 



Business Letters 



No. 1 



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Business Letters 



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Business Letters 



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Business Letters 



49 



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50 Business Letters 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 

(See shorthand notes on previous pages. ) 



No. 1. 

Dear Sir: 

Referring to your inquiry concerning the per- 
formance and operation of your concrete mixer, 
which we have been using in the construction of 
the concrete conduits for this company, I am 
pleased to state that the machine works nicely. 
It makes a thorough mixture, delivering all the 
crushed stone perfectly covered with cement and 
sand, and in fact making a better concrete than 
could be made by hand. 

As to the capacity of the machine, am also 
pleased to state that it delivers the full quantity 
set forth in your specifications. The machine is 
the means of saving in the mixing of concrete of 
at least fifty per cent, of the labor required by 
hand, and I heartily endorse your machine. 

Very truly yours, 



No. 2. 

Gentlemen: 

A representative of the A. T. & T. Co. called 
on us today and advised that the contract with 
them for discount on the long distance coupons has 
been extended to cover local tolls as well as long 
distance tolls; but that the local tolls must be 
paid with coupons in the name of the Central Dis- 



Business Letters 51 



trict & Printing Telegraph Company, which operates 
in this territory. These C. D. & P. T. coupons 
can he obtained hy you in the same way as the A. 
T. & T. coupons, and at the same rate. They are 
simply required to be in the name of the local 
company for convenience in bookkeeping. 

We have thought best to advise you of this ar- 
rangement so that you may be prepared to meet our 
requirements for such coupons covering local 
tolls. Within the next six months we shall be 
able to use $200 worth. 

Yours truly, 



No. 3. 

Gentlemen: 

Confirming telephone conversation, we are 
pleased to submit a price on 10,000 bbls. of Louis- 
ville cement in car loads, f. o. b. tracks, Pitts- 
burgh, in three paper bags, of 64c. per bbl. This 
price is for such contracts for street work for 
the City of Pittsburgh that you may secure this 
fall, and is binding on our part, providing you 
accept these figures promptly and submit a list of 
the various streets covered by the contract so 
that we may have a record of the same. 

Trusting you will secure the work, we are 

Yours truly, 



No. 4. 

Dear Sirs : 

We are in receipt of your valued favor of Feb- 
ruary 27th. Our present price on Carbonate of 
Lime in car load lots, Penna. R. R. delivery at 
Pittsburgh, is $3.50 a net ton. We are at present 



52 Business Letters 



experimenting with some new machinery with the ob- 
ject and purpose of enabling ourselves to produce 
a finer grade of Carbonate of Lime than we have 
ever made in the past. The result is that we do 
not anticipate we shall be able to make any ship- 
ments of Carbonate of Lime until about April 1st, 
and in the event the machinery we are now putting 
in should meet our expectations, we will be able 
to furnish a much finer ground material than we 
have ever furnished before; and we also hope that 
the economy in its manufacture may be great enough 
to authorize a lower price. This, however, we can 
only state after we arrive at results. 

I therefore trust that you will not make any 
final arrangements with any one. We will know 
more definitely about the 1st of April. 

Very truly yours, 



No. 5. 
Gentlemen: 

On August 29th we sent you proofs of the print- 
ing for register supplies and requested you to ex- 
amine, correct, and 0. K. the proofs and return 
same to us, when your order would have our careful 
attention. 

We have not yet received the proofs, and as 
the type composing the forms still remain stand- 
ing, pending the return of proofs, we are deprived 
of the use of this type; and during this busy sea- 
son we have ample use for it. Therefore, as a 
special request, we ask you not to delay the 
return of the proofs any longer. 

In the event that you have mislaid the proofs 
sent you, we enclose herewith another set for your 
approval . 

Yours very truly, 



Business Letters 53 



No. 6. 

Gentlemen: 

We are returning you enclosed two bills which 
we have received this morning. On bill of April 
20th kindly put car number; and in future, please 
render all bills in duplicate, obliging, 

Yours truly, 



54 t Business Letters 



As the limited space of this volume has not permitted of much detail in the illustration of 
principles, these illustrations have been confirmed to a bare exposition of the facts as given. 
This is particularly true of the abbreviations and phrases, the latter of which, as stated before, is 
the most important branch of shorthand. 

Therefore, after having thoroughly mastered this volume, it . is important that the student 
obtain the dictation book to be published soon, wherein the abbreviations and phrases will be 
expatiated on, and the system so shortened as to be capable of great speed, and still retain its 
present legibility. 

In making this statement, however, we do not rescind or change in any respect the state- 
ment made in our preface relative to the possibilities of the principles of Simplified 
Shorthand as given in this book; for if the lessons up to this point have been thoroughly 
learned, every exercise carefully practiced, and every statement carefully reasoned out, any 
person with a reasonable amount of intelligence should be able to reach a speed of loo 
words per minute in one-half the time it takes to become proficient in any of the systems that 
have been so much in vogue up to the present day. 

But the ^experience of stenographers in the past points to the fact that the greater the speed 
limit of the writer, the more accurate and legible the notes. It can be readily seen that the 
stenographer capable of writing 150 words per minute, will write 100 words per minute with 
so much more ease than the one whose speed limit is 100 words that the former's notes will be 
far more accurate, and consequently more legible; and legibility is an important factor in short- 
hand writing. 



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LIBRARY BINDING 



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ST. AUGUSTINE 
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